【上位】 one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock) 1枚がもう1枚の上部に配置された物質の（例えば生物の組織、細胞の層または堆積岩の層）いくつかの平行な層の1枚。
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an indigenous language that contributes features to the language of an invading people who impose their language on the indigenous population; "the Celtic languages of Britain are a substrate for English" 自分達の言語を原住民に課す、侵入している民族の言語に特徴を与える現地語。
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【上位】 the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object; "they skimmed over the surface of the water"; "a brush small enough to clean every dental surface"; "the sun has no distinct surface" 3次元の物の拡張された2次元の外側の境界。
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